black person with down syndrome

Data and Statistics on Down Syndrome | CDCNo resultsNo resultsProcessing results.... What are the racial predilection of Down syndrome? Down syndrome has been reported in people of all races; no racial predilection is known. African American patients with Down syndrome have a much shorter life than white patients with trisomy 21. Related questions:Karmiloff-Smith A, Al-Janabi T, D'Souza H, et al. The importance of understanding individual differences in Down syndrome. F1000Res. 2016. 5: [Guideline] Bull MJ. Health supervision for children with Down syndrome. Pediatrics. 2011 Aug. 128(2):393-406. Lejeune J. Le mongolisme. First example d'aberration autosomique humaine. Ann Genet. 1959. 1:41-9. Jacobs PA, Baikie AG, Court Brown WM, Strong JA. Somatic chromosomes in Mongolianism. Lancet. 1959 Apr 4. 1(7075):710. . Peterson MB, Mikkelsen M. Nondisjunction in trisomy 21: origin and mechanisms. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 2000. 91:199-203. Down JL. Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots. 1866. Ment Retard. 1995 Feb. 33(1):54-6. . LEJEUNE J, GAUTIER M, TURPIN R. [Study of somatic chromosomes of 9 Mongoloid children]. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci. 1959 Mar 16. 248(11):1721-2. Levenson D. Talking about Down's syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2009 Feb 15. 149A(4):vii-viii. Hartway S. A parent's guide on Down's syndrome genetics. Adv Neonatal Care. 2009 Feb. 9(1):27-30. . Ranweiler R. Newborn assessment and care with Down syndrome. Adv Neonatal Care. 2009 Feb. 9(1):17-24; maybe 25-6. Reeves RH, Baxter LL, Richtsmeier JT. Too good: genetic action mechanisms in Down syndrome. Trends Genet. 2001 Feb. 17(2):83-8. . Cheon MS, Shim KS, Kim SH, Hara A, Lubec G. Protein levels of genes encoded in chromosome 21 in the brain of Fetal Down syndrome: Intensify gene dose effect hypothesis (Part IV). Amino Acids. 2003 Jul. 25(1):41-7. Tarani L, Carito V, Ferraguti G, et al. Neuro-inflammatory markers in the serum of prepuberal children with Down syndrome. J Immunol Res. 2020:6937154. Roman A, Cornia R, Moraschi M, et al. Reduction of the age-related cortical thickness in the subjects of not demented Down syndrome. J Neuroimaging. 2015 May 21. . [Guideline] Practice Bulletin No. 163: Screening for Fetal Aneuploidy. Obstet Gynecol. 2016 May. 127 (5):e123-37. .Canfield MA, Honein MA, Yuskiv N, Xing J, Mai CT, Collins JS. National estimates and race/ethnic variations specific to certain birth defects in the United States, 1999-2001. Birth defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2006 Nov. 76(11):747-56. . Coppus AM, Evenhuis HM, Verberne GJ, et al. Survival in older people with Down syndrome. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Dec. 56(12):2311-6. Hartley D, Blumenthal T, Carrillo M, et al. Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: common paths, common goals. Alzheimer's dementia. 2015 Jun. 11 (6):700-9. . . .Mateos TJ, Allain DC, Matthews AL, Mitchell A, Santoro SL, Cohen L. Assessment of health, social, communication and daily life skills of adults with Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2018 Abr 25. [Guideline] Cohen WI, ed. Health care guides for people with Down syndrome (preventive medical checklist for Down syndrome). Down Q. 1996. 1(2):1-10. .Nieuwenhuis-Mark RE. Diagnosing Alzheimer's Dementia in Down's Syndrome: Problems and Possible Solutions. Res Dev Disabil. 2009. 30(5):827-838. Kusters MA, Verstegen RH, Gemen EF, Vries E. Intrinsic defect of the immune system in children with Down syndrome: a review. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009 May. 156(2):189-93. . . Vis JC, Duffels MG, Winter MM, Weijerman ME, Cobben JM, Huisman SA. Down syndrome: a cardiovascular perspective. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2009 May. 53(5):419-25. Lanfranchi S, Carretti B, Spanò G, Cornoldi C. A specific deficit in the visuospatial simultaneous work memory in Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2009 May. 53(5):474-83. . Levorato MC, Roch M, Beltrame R. Text understanding in Down's syndrome: the role of lower and upper level abilities. Clin Linguist Phon. 2009 Apr. 23(4):285-300. Salomon LJ, Bernard M, Amarsy R, Bernard JP, Ville Y. The impact of the corona-long measurement error on the combined detection of Down syndrome: a simulation study. Ultrasound Gynaetic. 2009 Mayo. 33(5):506-11. Zigman WB. Atypical ageing in Down syndrome. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2013. 18 (1):51-67. . Scherbenske JM, Benson PM, Rotchford JP, James WD. Skin and eye manifestations of Down syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 May. 22(5 Pt 2):933-8. . Wilms A, Dummer R. [Elastosis perforates serpiginous in Down syndrome]. Hautarzt. 1997 Dec. 48(12):923-5. Daneshpazhooh M, Nazemi TM, Bigdeloo L, Yoosefi M. Mucocutaneous findings in 100 children with Down symbol. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007 May-Jun. 24(3):317-20. . Masjkey D, Bhattacharya S, Dhungel S, Jha CB, Shrestha S, Ghimire SR, et al. Utility of phenotypic dermal indices in the detection of patients with Down syndrome. Nepal Med Coll J. 2007 Dec. 9(4):217-21. . Geggel RL, O'Brien JE, Feingold M. Development of valve dysfunction in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome and no known congenital heart disease. J Pediatr. 1993 May. 122 (5 Pt 1):821-3. . Zemel BS, Pipan M, Stallings VA, et al. Growth charts for children with Down syndrome in the United States. Pediatrics. 2015 Nov. 136 (5):e1204-11. . . Annerén G, Gustavson KH, Sara VR, Hadmo T. Growth retarded in Down syndrome in relation to growth factors similar to insulin and growth hormone. Am J Med Genet Suppl. 1990. 7:59-62. . Bertapelli F, Pitetti K, Agiovlasitis S, Guerra-Junior G. Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with prevalence of Down syndrome, determinants, consequences and interventions: a literary review. Res Dev Disabil. 2016 Oct. 57:181-92. . Popova G, Paterson WF, Brown A, Donaldson MD. Hashimoto thyroiditis in Down syndrome: clinical presentation and evolution. Horm Res. 2008. 70(5):278-84. . Shalitin S, Phillip M. Autoimmune thyroiditis in babies with Down syndrome. J Pediatr Endocrinol. 2002. 15:649-652. Idris I, O'Malley BP. Tyrotoxicosis in Down and Turner syndromes: the probability of Hashimoto thyroiditis as the underlying aetiology. Int J Clin Pract. 2000. 54:272-273. Rudberg C, Johansson H, Akerstrom G, Hadma T, Karlsson FA. Gravel disease in children and adolescents. Late results of surgical treatment. Eur J Endocrinol. 1996. 134:710-7. Zwaan MC, Reinhardt D, Hitzler J, Vyas P. Acute leukemia in children with Down syndrome. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2008. 55:53-70. Lerner LH, Wiss K, Gellis S, Barnhill R. An unusual pussular rash in a baby with Down syndrome and a congenital reaction of leucomoids. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996 Aug. 35(2 Pt 2):330-3. . Hitzler JK, Zipursky A. Origin of leukemia in children with Down syndrome. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005 Jan. 5(1):11-20. Li Z, Godinho FJ, Klusmann JH, Garriga-Canut M, Yu C, Orkin SH. Scenic effect of development of the leucoemgenic transcription factor somatically mutated GATA1. Nat Genet. 2005 Jun. 37(6):613-9. . Magalhaes IQ, Splendore A, Emerenciano M, et al. Transient neonatal myeloproliferative disorder without Down syndrome and GATA1 mutation detection. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2005 Jan. 27(1):50-2. . Ahmed M, Sternberg A, Hall G, et al. Natural history of GATA-1 mutations in Down syndrome. Blood. 2004. 103:2480-2489. Bhatt S, Schreck R, Graham JM, Korenberg JR, Hurvitz CG, Fischel-Ghodsian N. Transitory leukemia with trisomy 21: description of a case and review of literature. Am J Med Genet. 1995 Sep 25. 58(4):310-4. Roderick JA, Bradshaw WT. Transient myeloproliferative disorder in a newborn with Down syndrome. Adv neonat Care. 2008. 8:208-218. Gamis A, Hilden J. Transient mieoproliferative disorder with too many data and many unanswered questions: does it contain an important piece of the puzzle to understand hemataopoiesis and acute myelogenous leukemia? J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002. 24:2-5. Ma SK, Wan TS, Chan GC, Ha SY, Fung LF, Chan LC. Relationship between transient abnormal myelopoiesis and acute mega-karyoblastic leukemia in Down syndrome. Br J Haematol. 2001 Mar. 112(3):824-5. . Taub J. Down syndrome and mega-cardiocytic leukemia/transientary myeloproliferative disorders: when does it start? Blood. 2003. 101:4228-4300. Al Kasim F, Doyle JJ, Massey GV, et al. Incidence and treatment of potentially lethal diseases in transient leukemia of Down syndrome: Pediatric Oncology Group Study. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002. 24:9-13. Massey GV, Zipursky A, Chang MN, Doyle JJ, Nasim S, Taub JW. A prospective study of the natural history of transient leukemia (TL) in neonates with Down syndrome (DS): study of the POPG-9481 Group of Oncology. Blood. 2006 Jun 15. 107(12):4606-13. Krivit W, Good RA. Simultaneous occurrence of leukemia and Mongolianism; report of four cases. AMA J Dis Child. 1956. 91:218-222. Hasle H, Clemmensen IH, Mikkelsen M. Risks of leukemia and solid tumors in individuals with Down syndrome. Lancet. 2000 Jan 15. 355(9199):165-9. Jensen KM, Bulova PD. Handling adult care with Down syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Sep 30. 349:g5596. . Ringman JM, Rao N, Lu PH, Cederbaum S. Mosaicism for trisomy 21 in a patient with young-onset dementia. A case report and a brief review of literature. Arch Neurol. 2008. 65:412-415. Papavassiliou P, York TP, Gursoy N, Hill G, Lindo LV, Sundaram U. The phenotype of people who have mosaicism for trisomy 21/Down syndrome reflects the percentage of trisomal cells present in different tissues. Am J Med Genet A. 2009 Feb 15. 149A(4):573-83. Baum RA, Nash PL, Foster JE, Spader M, Ratliff-Schaub K, Coury DL. Primary care for children and adolescents with Down syndrome: update. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2008 Sep. 38(8):241-61. Colvin KL, Yeager ME. What people with Down syndrome can teach us about cardiopulmonary disease. Eur Respir Rev. 2017 Jan. 26 (143):. McDowell KM, Craven DI. Pulmonary complications of Down syndrome during childhood. J Pediatr. 2011 Feb. 158 (2):319-25. . Alimi A, Taytard J, Abou Taam R, et al. Pulmonary hemosiderosis in children with Down syndrome: a national experience. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2018 Apr 20. 13 (1):60. . Liyanage S, Barnes J. Eye and Down syndrome. Br J Hosp Med (London). 2008 Nov. 69(11):632-4. Miyazaki EA. Down syndrome orthopia. Am Orthopt J. 2014. 64:12-6. Rabin KR, Whitlock JA. Malignancy in children with trisomy 21. Oncologist. 2009 Feb. 14(2):164-73. . Bhatnagar N, Nizery L, Tunstall O, Vyas P, Roberts I. Transient Abnormal Myelopoiesis and AML in Down Syndrome: an Update. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2016 Oct. 11 (5):333-41. Martinez E, Castaneda D, Jaramillo S, et al. Inmunitory parameters altered correlate with hospitalizations related to infection in children with Down syndrome. Hum Immunol. 2016 Jul. 77 (7):594-9. . Mik G, Gholve PA, Scher DM, Widmann RF, Green DW. Down syndrome: orthopedic problems. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008 Feb. 20(1):30-6. Rogers PT, Roizen NJ, Capone GT. Down syndrome. Capute AJ, Accardo PJ. Developmental disabilities in children and children. Wellchel SM, Scola FH. Atlantoaxial instability in individuals with Down syndrome: epidemiological, radiographic and clinical studies. Pediatrics. 1987. 80:555-560. Juj H, Emery H. Down syndrome arthropathy: a subdiagnosed and sub-recognized condition. J Pediatr. 2009 Feb. 154 (2):234-8. . Myers BA, Wellchel SM. Psychiatric disorders in people with Down syndrome. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1991 Oct. 179(10):609-13. Miles JH. Autism spectrum disorders--a genetic revision. Genet Med. 2011 Apr. 13(4):278-94. . Kent L, Evans J, Paul M, Sharp M. Comorbidity of autistic spectrum disorders in children with Down symbol. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1999 Mar. 41(3):153-8. Rice C. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders: autism surveillance network and developmental disabilities, 14 sites, United States, 2002. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 2007. 56:12-28. Foley KR, Bourke J, Einfeld SL, Tonge BJ, Jacoby P, Leonard H. Patterns of depressive symptoms and behaviors related to society differ with the time of other behavioral domains for young people with Down syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 May. 94 (19):1-7. . Wisniewski KE, Wisniewski HM, Wen GY. Occurrence of neuropathological changes and dementia of Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1985 Mar. 17 (3):278-82. . Fonseca LM, Yokomizo JE, Bottino CM, Sources D. Frontal Lobe Degeneration in adults with Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: A Review. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2016. 41 (3-4):123-36. . Esbensen AJ, Johnson EB, Amaral JL, Tan CM, Comobipathing R. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2016 Jan. 121 (1):13-24. .Driscoll DA, Morgan MA, Schulkin J. Screening for Down Syndrome: changing practice of obstetricians. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Apr. 200(4):459.e1-9. Summerfield P. Prenatal screening of Down syndrome: necessary balanced debate. Lancet. 2009 Feb 28. 373(9665):722. Fransen MP, Hajo Wildschut, Vogel I, Mackenbach J, Steegers E, Essink-Bot ML. Information about prenatal detection of Down syndrome: ethnic differences in knowledge. Patient Educ Couins. 2009 Nov. 77(2):279-88. . Curva H. Biochemical Projection for Down syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2000 Sep. 92(1):97-101. . Nicolaides KH, Spencer K, Avgidou K, Faiola S, Falcon O. Multicenter first-quarter screening study for trisomy 21 in 75 821 pregnancies: results and estimation of the potential impact of first-quarter detection targeting individual risks. Ultrasound Gynaetic 2005 Mar. 25(3):221-6. Kagan KO, Wright D, Baker A, Sahota D, Nicolaides KH. Projection for trisomy 21 by maternal age, fetal nucal translucent thickness, free beta-human choral gonadotropin and plasma proteins associated with pregnancy-A. Ultrasound Gynaecho 2008 Jun. 31(6):618-24. Nicolaides KH. Nuchal translucent and other sonographic markers of first trimester chromosomal abnormalities. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Jul. 191(1):45-67. Spencer K, Souter V, Tul N, Snijders R, Nicolaides KH. Trisomy detection program 21 to 10-14 weeks with fetal nucal translucent, beta-human choral gonadotropin free of maternal serum and plasma protein associated with pregnancy-A. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Apr. 13(4):231-7. Dreux S, Olivier C, Dupont JM, Leporrier N, Oury JF. Maternal serum screening in cases of mosaic and translocation Down symbol. Prenat Diagn. 2008 Aug. 28(8):699-703. Natoli JL, Ackerman DL, McDermot S, Edwards JG. Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome: systematic review of termination rates (1995-2011). Prenat Diagn. 2012 Feb. 32 (2):142-53. . Snijders RJ, Noble P, Sebire N, Souka A, Nicolaides KH. UK Multicenter Project on Trisomy 21 Risk Assessment by Maternal Age and Nucal-translucent Fetal Thickness at 10-14 weeks of gestation. Fetal Medicine Foundation First Trimester Screening Group. Lancet. 1998 Aug 1. 352(9125):343-6. Norton ME, Brar H, Weiss J, Karimi A, Laurent LC, Caughey AB, et al. Non-invasive chromosomal evaluation study: results of a multicenter prospective cohort study for the detection of fetal trisomnia 21 and trisomy 18. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Jun 1. . Barclay L's maternal blood test can detect trisomy in the first quarter. Medscape Medical News. 7 June 2013. Available in . Access: July 8, 2013. Gil MM, Quezada MS, Bregant B, Ferraro M, Nicolaides KH. Implementation of DNA tests without maternal blood cells in early detection tests for aneuploidies. Ultrasound Gynaetic. 2013 Jul. 42(1):34-40. . Nicolaides KH, Wright D, Poon LC, Syngelaki A, Gil MM. First-quarter test for trisomy 21 by biomarkers and DNA tests without blood cells. Ultrasound Obstet Gynacol. 2013 Jul. 42(1):41-50. Palomaki GE, Kloza EM, Lambert-Messerlian GM, et al. Sequence of maternal plasma DNA to detect Down syndrome: International clinical validation study. Genet Med. 2011 Nov. 13(11):913-920. . Barclay L's maternal blood test can detect trisomy in the first quarter. Medscape Medical News, 7 June 2013. Available in . Access: July 8, 2013. Gil MM, Quezada MS, Bregant B, Ferraro M, Nicolaides KH. Implementation of DNA tests without maternal blood cells in early detection tests for aneuploidies. Ultrasound Gynaetic. 2013 Jul. 42(1):34-40. Rupela V, Velleman SL, Andrianopoulos MV. Motor speaking skills in children with Down syndrome: A descriptive study. Int J Speech Lang Pathol. 2016 Jan 11. 1-10. Bunt CW, Bunt SK. Function of the family doctor in the care of children with Down syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Dec 15. 90 (12):851-8. Tassone JC, Duey-Holtz A. Spine's concerns at the Special Olympian with Down syndrome. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2008 Mar. 16 (1):55-60. Diaz KM. Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Between Children With and Down Syndrome: The National Child Health Survey. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2020 May. 125 (3):230-42. . Warburton D, Dallaire L, Thangavelu M, Ross L, Levin B, Kline J. Trisomy recurrence: a reconsideration based on North American data. Am J Hum Genet. 2004 Sep. 75(3):376-85. Nussbaum RL, McInnes RR, Willard HF. Thompson and Thompson genetics in medicine. 6th revised edition of reprint. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2004. Tolmie J. Down syndrome and other autosomal trisomies. Rimoin DL, Connor JM, Pyeritz RE, Korf BR. Emery and Rimoin Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics. 4th edition. 2002 1129-1183. Galleguillos C, Galleguillos B, Larios G, Menchaca G, Bont L, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Down syndrome is a risk factor for a severe lower respiratory tract infection due to the respiratory sincitial virus. Acta Paediatr. 2016 Nov. 105 (11):e531-5. . Sugimoto D, Bowen SL, Meehan WP 3rd, Stracciolini A. Effects of neuromuscular formation in children and young adults with Down syndrome: Systematic review and metaanalysis. Res Dev Disabil. 2016 Apr 25. 55:197-206. . Gratias Tom Mundakel, MBBS, DCH Attending Neonatologist, Kings County Hospital; Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center Gratias Tom Mundakel, MBBS, DCH is a member of the following medical societies: Disclosure: Nothing to reveal. Purushottam Lal, MD Resident Physician, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at SUNY Downstate Purushottam Lal, MD is a member of the following medical societies: , Disclosure: Nothing to reveal. Lois J Starr, MD, Assistant Professor of PHAAP, Clinical Genetics, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center Lois J Starr, MD, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: , Disclosure: Nothing to reveal. Maria Descartes, MD Professor, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at the Faculty of Medicine of Birmingham Maria Descartes, MD is a member of the following medical societies: , , , , , , , Disclosure: Nothing to reveal. Harold Chen, MD, MS, FAAP, FACMG professor, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Medical Center Harold Chen, MD, MS, FAAP, FACMG is a member of the following medical societies: , , , Disclosure: Nothing to reveal. Michael M Henry, MD Fellow in Neonatal/Perinatal Medicine, Children's Hospital at SUNY Downstate Medical Center Michael M Henry, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Brooklyn Pediatric Society Disclosure: Nothing to reveal. James Bowman, Senior Scholar of Maclean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, Professor Emeritus, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago James Bowman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: , , , and Divulgation: Nothing to reveal. David Flannery, MD, FAAP, FACMG Vice Chair of Education, Chief, Section of Medical Genetics, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia David Flannery, MD, FAAP, FACMG is a member of the following medical societies: and Disclosure: Nothing to reveal. Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference Disclosure: Nothing to reveal. Find us aboutMembershipWebMD NetworkEditions

Discovering racial inequalities in Down syndromeThe life expectancy for people with Down syndrome varies depending on race, but why? It is estimated that 6000 babies with Down syndrome (DS) are born annually in the United States, making it the most common trisomnia and chromosomal condition. [1] And in recent decades there has been a significant increase in overall life expectancy. [2] However, in investigating mortality changes through a review of nearly 18,000 people in the United States with DS from 1983 to 1997, Quanhe Yang, PhD and colleagues detected a significant racial disparity in life expectancy. [2] They reported life expectancy of 50 years for whites, 25 years for blacks and 10 years for other races. These trends persist even after accounting for the presence of congenital heart disease, which is known as a DS comorbidity. Racial disparity in survival begins early in childhood and persists in childhood. Improved mortality and increased survival in recent decades is observed in individuals with DS of all races, but less in African-Americans. [3] While there is a certain degree of difference in life expectancy by race among the population of the United States as a whole, the magnitude of this racial disparity is greater in the population of the DS. [4]Looking for the ReasonThe comprehensive medical records of 763 children receiving medical care at a specialized clinic of the DS in Cincinnati from 1984 to 2009 were retrospectively revised to find the underlying cause of racial disparity in mortality. [5] As an apprentice in genetics and part of the research team in Cincinnati, I sought the National Death Index (NDI), a centralized database of death registration information in state offices of vital statistics through the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, to correlate medical stories with mortality data. [6] We found racial disparity in the use of maternal drugs, hyperbilirubiemia and intubation, but could not easily relate to mortality. Among the children under 5 years of age, we saw significant increases in references to Cardiology for Black children compared to white children. We also saw trends in increasing the incidence of CHD for black children. However, correlations with death records showed no differences in heart-related death rates. We don't detect racial disparity in heart surgery. Although we do not detect significant racial differences in explaining the differences in mortality, it is worth noting the multitude of racial equality in our results. We investigated dozens of factors to try to detect subtle differences but we saw that in general, individuals with DS who are white and black do not differ in these areas. We do not demonstrate a medical basis for racial disparity in life expectancy. This may be due to our small sample size as, luckily, most patients in our database were still living. The number of people of races other than white and black were also few, preventing us from drawing conclusions on other races or ethnic groups. We conclude that, while there is racial disparity in mortality, the underlying cause remains unidentified despite the use of a comprehensive and longitudinal database of people with DS and the examination of death records. Because access to other diseases is known to race, we wonder whether references to Cardiology can be an indicator of racial differences in access to care. [7, 8]New databases could shine the light on the subject In the future, continuous studies with greater sample size are needed and include additional factors. The use of publicly available death history databases could allow a larger sample size, but we would not have been allowed to review detailed information about medical history. However, more recent databases, such as , linking patients with researchers, could correlate information from patient reports with databases such as the National Death Index. The National Children's Hospital has recently joined other sites to create a national clinical database for Down's syndrome. [9] Ideally, if a racially diffuse multicenter database could reproduce racial disparity in life expectancy, it could correlate the details of medical history with mortality information to produce more significant results. References[1] Parker SE, Mai CT, Canfield MA, Rickard R, Wang Y, Meyer RE, et al. . Research of birth defects Part A, Clinical and Molecular Therapy. 2010;88:1008-16.[2] Yang Q, Rasmussen SA, Friedman JM. Lancet. 2002;359:1019-25.[3] Kucik JE, Shin M, Siffel C, Marengo L, Correa A. . Pediatrics. 2013;131:e27-36.[4] Minino AM, Heron MP, Murphy SL, Kochanek KD. Deaths: final data for 2004. National reports of vital statistics: from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National System of Vital Statistics. 2007;55:1-119.[5] Santoro SL, Esbensen AJ, Hopkin RJ, Hendershot L, Hickey F, Patterson B. . The Journal of Pediatrics. 2016. [6] Chase HC. . American Journal of Public Health. 1972;62:719-23.[7] Saunders MR, Lee H, Maene C, Schuble T, Cagney KA. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 2014;1:291-9.[8] Alegria M, Cook B, Loder S, Doonan M. . Newsletter (Mother's Health Policy Forum). 2014:1-53.[9] Lavigne J, Shar C, Ozonoff A, Prock LA, Baumer N, Brasington C, et al. . American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 2015;167A:2520-6. Photo credit: Children from all over the countryMore articles Email Newsletter Sign Up For new content alerts, please subscribe below: We have successfully received your email. Categories

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